Indian Knowledge Systems encompass the intellectual, scientific, philosophical, artistic, ecological, and social traditions developed across the Indian subcontinent over centuries. This study examines their historical evolution through the interconnected processes of continuity, transformation, and adaptation. It argues that these traditions were never static; rather, they responded creatively to changing political, cultural, technological, and institutional contexts. Knowledge in fields such as philosophy, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture, linguistics, architecture, and environmental management was preserved through texts, oral transmission, apprenticeship, and community practice. Colonial rule disrupted many indigenous institutions while also generating new forms of reinterpretation and reform. In the contemporary period, renewed interest in Indian Knowledge Systems offers opportunities for educational innovation, cultural confidence, sustainability, and interdisciplinary research. However, meaningful revival requires critical scholarship, verifiable evidence, social inclusiveness, and openness to scientific evaluation. Concludes that their relevance today lies in responsible adaptation rather than uncritical glorification or simple historical restoration.